What factors affect the costs of storing water underground?

Although MAR schemes are highly heterogeneous, it is possible to draw some conclusions about factors that affect the costs of storing water underground and recovering it for use. The costs of MAR schemes vary substantially. Schemes using infiltration and spreading basins using untreated water are relatively cheap.

How are water budget closure analyses performed?

Water budget closure analyses were done using ground-based measurements in semi-arid watersheds using cosmic ray soil moisture sensing (Schreiner-McGraw et al., 2016) and in field-scale seasonal frozen conditions (Pan et al., 2017).

Can monetary valuation be used to assess water infrastructure projects?

While monetary valuation and CBA is not the only way to impact assess water infrastructure projects, this paper suggests developing the CBA to a more applicable and accessible decision support tool as the CBA and its incorporated total economic valuation provides an optimal framework to communicate impact in monetary units to decision makers.

How is additional water supply valued?

In the case of water for agricultural or industrial use additional supply can be valued by the net benefit (revenue minus cost) of additional production made possible by the additional water supply owing to MAR. 2.4. Qualitative Estimates of Non-Extractive Environmental and Social Benefits

How much does a stormwater project cost?

This is confirmed by other studies. Cooley et al. report that the median levelised cost of water from stormwater capture and recharge projects averaged between USD 0.48 m 3 for large projects (8–10 Mm 3), and USD 1.28 m 3 for small projects (less than 1.85 Mm 3).

How much does water cost?

The average levelised cost for six schemes producing water for agriculture and one scheme for non-potable use was USD 0.23 m 3 compared to USD 0.63 m 3 for nine schemes producing water for human consumption.